VIDA Y TRAYECTORIA LITERARIA
Boris Pasternak nació en 1890 en una de las familias más distinguidas del viejo Moscú. Su madre era una pianista que había sido educada musicalmente por Rubinstein, y su padre Leonid un reconocido pintor,retratista de Tolstoi y de Rilke, de los que fue amigo personal, y también de Lenin o, ya en el exilio, de Einstein y Stresemann. Se criaron en la familia cuatro niños: Boris, Alexander, que sería arquitecto en Moscú, Lidia y Josephine. El Moscú musical y culto, las personas de rango y nombre se daban cita en la casa de los Pasternak, en la cual maduraba un niño destinado a hacer de esta abundancia de cultura, saber, alicientes estéticos, de riquezas artísticas occidentales y orientales, el instrumental de su arte, para arrojarlo con la edad como una carga insoportable y, al menos en la poesía, volver a encontrarlo como herejía de la inaudita simplicidad.
El bautismo cristiano de Pasternak fue un asunto de la familia guardado en secreto. La llama de la fe ortodoxa, que había de ser en el futuro tan importante en su evolución, es en principio un secreto severamente protegido al que solo se alude en contadas ocasiones, ya que el cosmopolitismo cultural de la casa de esta familia judía fomentaba otras inclinaciones. Al final de sus años de bachillerato (1908), Pasternak se matricula en la facultad de derecho de la universidad de Moscú, pasándose a la música y a la filosofía. En 1912 se marcha a Marburg, sede del neokantismo alemán. Un año después, concluidos sus estudios en Moscú, se convence de que para él solo existe una vocación, la de la poesía.
El pesimismo cultural de la Rusia prerrevolucionaria había hallado su asiento en la literatura, en cuyo seno la poesía lírica poseía tal preponderancia que podía servir como exponente del espíritu de la época. El capítulo de la gran novela rusa estaba terminado; la lírica, por el contrario, era lo moderno, la libertad sin fronteras ni consideraciones que se manifestaba exteriormente en las chaquetas amarillas de los futuristas, e interiormente en la predisposición para todo experimento formal y espiritual. Pasternak se dedica en los últimos años del zarismo a probar las tres principales tendencias de la poesía rusa de la época: el simbolismo, el acmeísmo y el futurismo, adscribiéndose a esta ultima en su versión moderada.
La actitud de los futuristas rusos respondía a la orientación
hacia Occidente, al modernismo que había invadido Rusia. Su variante rusa, el simbolismo, con su concepción de la poesía como revelación de la última verdad y con su misticismo religioso, es rechazada por Pasternak en su fase de entonces como oscura y embrollada, aunque mantenga relación con intelectuales de las revistas Musaget y Apollon, influenciadas por el simbolismo.
La actitud de los futuristas rusos respondía a la orientación
Externamente Pasternak lleva la vida modesta de un profesor particular que en sus ratos libres escribe. En 1914 traduce para el Teatro de cámara de Moscú El cántaro roto de Kleist, y aparece su primer tomo de poesías El gemelo en la nube. Se libra del servicio en el frente a causa de una temprana herida en la pierna, y viaja en 1915 por Rusia, concluyendo en Siberia; de allí regresa al estallar la revolución a Moscú. En 1917 publica Más allá de las fronteras y un año más tarde comienza a trabajar como bibliotecario en el Ministerio de Educación.
La costumbre de la era NEP de imprimir, por motivos económicos, una parte de su producción numerosas editoriales rusas, confiadas a la iniciativa privada, posibilitó a Pasternak visitar en Alemania a sus padres y hermanas con el permiso oficial del Gobierno a causa de una grave dolencia de su madre, la cual no volvería más a Rusia. En 1922 se publicó Mi hermana, la vida en Berlín, conquistando amplios círculos de lectores.
Formaba con Maiakovski y Yessenin la constelación de figuras de la poesía soviética. En 1924 nace el primer hijo de Pasternak, Yevgeni, y se edita la narración La infancia de Luver y el cuarto tomo de poesías Temas y variaciones; dos años más tarde, la epopeya en verso, Spektorski. En 1927 trata por primera vez un tema revolucionario, en los relatos versados El año 1905 y El teniente Schmidt, hecho que es recibido con respeto pero sin entusiasmo. Entre 1931 y 1933 publica la narración autobiográfica, inspirada en Proust y Rilke, El salvoconducto, y Caminos en el aire. Un año antes se había separado de su primera mujer, que se casaría poco después con el famoso pianista soviético Heinrich Neuhaus, y de su hijo.
Emprende viaje con Sinaida Neuhaus, su futura mujer, hacia Tiflis, donde le recoge el poeta georgiano Paolo Yaschvili. En 1934 aparecen sus poesías completas, y surge la admiración de Bujarin en el Primer Congreso de Escritores, pero también una especie de prohibición semioficial para publicar, no extensiva a su actividad de traductor.
Las versiones que Pasternak hace de Verlaine, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Shelley, Shakespeare, o de poesía georgiana, son obras de alto valor literario. Se traslada a la colonia de escritores de Peredelkino, junto a Moscú, donde en 1938 nace su hijo Leonid. En la Unión de Escritores comienza la depuración, y Pasternak se encuentra huido, periódicamente atacado y amado en silencio. En 1943, en plena Segunda Guerra mundial, publica el tomo de poesías En trenes tempranos, y en 1945 Lejanía terrena.
Las versiones que Pasternak hace de Verlaine, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Shelley, Shakespeare, o de poesía georgiana, son obras de alto valor literario. Se traslada a la colonia de escritores de Peredelkino, junto a Moscú, donde en 1938 nace su hijo Leonid. En la Unión de Escritores comienza la depuración, y Pasternak se encuentra huido, periódicamente atacado y amado en silencio. En 1943, en plena Segunda Guerra mundial, publica el tomo de poesías En trenes tempranos, y en 1945 Lejanía terrena.
En el año 1946 se cernieron las tinieblas de la era Shdanov, y Fadeiev, fue nombrado otra vez secretario general de la Unión de Escritores, lo primero que hizo fue insultar a su vecino de Peredelkino. Las puertas estaban nuevamente cerradas. Prosiguió sin embargo con la creación de Doctor Zhivago, y con la traducción de Fausto. En 1956 la redacción de la revista Nuevo Mundo rechazó la publicación de Doctor Zhivago, y en 1957 aparecía la versión italiana de la obra.
El 24 de octubre de 1958 la Academia Sueca invitó a Pasternak a recibir el Premio Nobel de Literatura el día 10 de diciembre de ese año. El 26 de octubre acepta el premio agradecido, emocionado, orgulloso....Esto provocó la ira de las autoridades soviéticas, siendo perseguido y aislado. El 28 de octubre fue expulsado de la Unión de Escritores soviéticos y el 29 renunciaba al Nobel. Posteriormente quisieron quitarle la ciudadanía y expulsarlo del país. Por ese motivo escribió a Krushchev, y siguió viviendo aislado de sus amigos, incomunicado y bajo la amenaza de verse en la calle, porque su casa de Peredelkino pertenecía a la Unión de los Escritores Soviéticos. Por un tiempo fue obligado a abandonarla,
Boris Pasternak was born in 1890 in one of the families most distinguished from the old Moscow. Its mother was a pianist who had been educated musically by Rubinstein, and its father Leonid a recognized painter, portraitist of Tolstoi and of Rilke, of those that personal friend was, and also of Lenin or, already in the exile, of Einstein and Stresemann. Four children grew up in the family: Boris, Alexander, who would be an architect in Moscow, Lidia and Josephine.
The musical and refined Moscow, the persons of status and name were giving themselves appointment in the house of the Pasternak, in which there was maturing a child destined to do of this plenty of culture, knowledge, esthetic incentives, of western and oriental artistic wealths, the set of instruments of its art, to throw it with the age as an unbearable load and, at least in the poetry, to find it again like heresy of the unheard-of simplicity.
The Christian Pasternak baptism was a matter of the family kept secretly. The flame of the orthodox faith, which had to be in such an important future in its evolution, is at first a secret severely protected to that only one alludes in few occasions, since the cultural cosmopolitism of the house of this Jewish family was encouraging other inclinations. At the end of its years of baccalaureate (1908), Pasternak it registers in the faculty of right of the university of Moscow, passing to the musician and to the philosophy. In 1912 it leaves to Marburg, head office of the German neokantismo. One year later, concluded its studies in Moscow, he becomes convinced of that for him alone a vocation exists, that of the poetry.
The cultural pessimism of the Russia prerrevolucionaria had found its seat in the literature, in whose bosom the lyric poetry was possessing such a preponderance that could serve like exponent of the spirit of the epoch. The chapter of the big Russian novel was finished; the poetry, on the contrary, was the modern thing, the freedom without borders or considerations that one was showing outwardly in the yellow jackets of the futurists, and internally in the predisposition for any formal and spiritual experiment.
The attitude of the Russian futurists was answering to the orientation towards Occident, to the modernism that had invaded Russia. Its Russian variant, the symbolism, with its conception of the poetry as revelation of the last truth and with its religious mysticism, is pushed back by Pasternak in its phase of of that time as dark and cluttered, although it maintains relation with intelligentsia of the magazines Musaget and Apollon, influenced by the symbolism.
Externally Pasternak takes the modest life of a particular teacher who in its free moments writes. In 1914 he translates for the Theater of camera of Moscow The broken Kleist pitcher, and its first poetry volume appears The twin in the cloud. It escapes from the service in opposite to cause of an early wound in the leg, and travels in 1915 round Russia, concluding in Siberia; from there it returns after the revolution explodes to Moscow.
In 1917 he publishes Beyond the borders and one year later it begins to be employed like librarian at the Department of Education.
The habit of the age NEP of printing, for economic motives, a part of its production numerous Russian publishing houses entrusted to the private initiative, made possible to Pasternak to visit in Germany its parents and sisters with the official permission of the Government because of a serious ailment of its mother, who would not return any more to Russia. In 1922 My sister was published, the life in Berlin, conquering wide readership circles.
It was forming with Maiakovski and Yessenin the constellation of figures of the Soviet poetry. In 1924 there is born the first son of Pasternak, Yevgeni, and there edits the story The infancy of Luver and the fourth volume of poetry Topics and changes; two years later, the epic in poem, Spektorski. In 1927 it treats for the first time a revolutionary topic, in the histories turned The year 1905 and The lieutenant Schmidt, fact that is received by respect but without enthusiasm. Between 1931 and 1933 he publishes the autobiographical story inspired by Proust and Rilke,
The safe-conduct, and Ways in the air. One year earlier it had separated of its first wife, who would marry soon the famous Soviet pianist Heinrich Neuhaus, and of its son.
It goes on journey with Sinaida Neuhaus, its future wife, towards Tiflis, where the Georgian poet Paolo Yaschvili gathers him. In 1934 its finished poetry appears, and the Bujarin admiration arises in the Writers' First Congress, but also a species of semiofficial prohibition to publish, not extensive to its translator activity.
The versions that Pasternak does of Verlaine, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Shelley, Shakespeare, or of Georgian poetry, are works of high literary value. It moves to the writers' Peredelkino colony, along with Moscow, where in 1938 its son Leonid is born. In the Writers' Union the treatment begins, and Pasternak is fled, periodically irresolutely and loved in silence. In 1943, in the Second full World war, he publishes the poetry volume In early trains, and in 1945 Distance terrena.
In the year 1946 Shdanov watched the darkness of the age, and Fadeiev, he was nominated again a Secretary-General of the Writers' Union, the first thing that it did it was to insult its Peredelkino neighbor. The doors were again closed. He continued nevertheless with the Doctor's creation Zhivago, and with the translation of Magnificence. In 1956 the writing of the magazine New World pushed the Doctor's publication Zhivago back, and in 1957 the Italian version of the work was appearing.
On October 24, 1958 the Swedish Academy invited Pasternak to receive the Nobel Prize of Literature on December 10 of this year. On October 26 he accepts the grateful, moved, proud award.... This provoked the anger of the Soviet authorities, being chased and isolated. On October 28 it was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers and 29 he was resigning from the Nobel Prize.
Later they wanted to take the citizenship from him and to expel it from the country. For that reason he wrote to Krushchev, and kept on living isolated of its friends, isolated and under the threat of being seen in the street, because its Peredelkino house belonged to the Union of Writers Soviéticos. In a time it was forced to leave it,
LIFE AND LITERARY TRAJECTORY
Boris Pasternak was born in 1890 in one of the families most distinguished from the old Moscow. Its mother was a pianist who had been educated musically by Rubinstein, and its father Leonid a recognized painter, portraitist of Tolstoi and of Rilke, of those that personal friend was, and also of Lenin or, already in the exile, of Einstein and Stresemann. Four children grew up in the family: Boris, Alexander, who would be an architect in Moscow, Lidia and Josephine.
The musical and refined Moscow, the persons of status and name were giving themselves appointment in the house of the Pasternak, in which there was maturing a child destined to do of this plenty of culture, knowledge, esthetic incentives, of western and oriental artistic wealths, the set of instruments of its art, to throw it with the age as an unbearable load and, at least in the poetry, to find it again like heresy of the unheard-of simplicity.
The Christian Pasternak baptism was a matter of the family kept secretly. The flame of the orthodox faith, which had to be in such an important future in its evolution, is at first a secret severely protected to that only one alludes in few occasions, since the cultural cosmopolitism of the house of this Jewish family was encouraging other inclinations. At the end of its years of baccalaureate (1908), Pasternak it registers in the faculty of right of the university of Moscow, passing to the musician and to the philosophy. In 1912 it leaves to Marburg, head office of the German neokantismo. One year later, concluded its studies in Moscow, he becomes convinced of that for him alone a vocation exists, that of the poetry.
The cultural pessimism of the Russia prerrevolucionaria had found its seat in the literature, in whose bosom the lyric poetry was possessing such a preponderance that could serve like exponent of the spirit of the epoch. The chapter of the big Russian novel was finished; the poetry, on the contrary, was the modern thing, the freedom without borders or considerations that one was showing outwardly in the yellow jackets of the futurists, and internally in the predisposition for any formal and spiritual experiment.
Pasternak devotes himself in the last years of the zarismo to prove three main tendencies of the Russian poetry of the epoch: the symbolism, the acmeísmo and the futurism, being assigned to the latter in its moderate version.
The attitude of the Russian futurists was answering to the orientation towards Occident, to the modernism that had invaded Russia. Its Russian variant, the symbolism, with its conception of the poetry as revelation of the last truth and with its religious mysticism, is pushed back by Pasternak in its phase of of that time as dark and cluttered, although it maintains relation with intelligentsia of the magazines Musaget and Apollon, influenced by the symbolism.
Externally Pasternak takes the modest life of a particular teacher who in its free moments writes. In 1914 he translates for the Theater of camera of Moscow The broken Kleist pitcher, and its first poetry volume appears The twin in the cloud. It escapes from the service in opposite to cause of an early wound in the leg, and travels in 1915 round Russia, concluding in Siberia; from there it returns after the revolution explodes to Moscow.
In 1917 he publishes Beyond the borders and one year later it begins to be employed like librarian at the Department of Education.
The habit of the age NEP of printing, for economic motives, a part of its production numerous Russian publishing houses entrusted to the private initiative, made possible to Pasternak to visit in Germany its parents and sisters with the official permission of the Government because of a serious ailment of its mother, who would not return any more to Russia. In 1922 My sister was published, the life in Berlin, conquering wide readership circles.
It was forming with Maiakovski and Yessenin the constellation of figures of the Soviet poetry. In 1924 there is born the first son of Pasternak, Yevgeni, and there edits the story The infancy of Luver and the fourth volume of poetry Topics and changes; two years later, the epic in poem, Spektorski. In 1927 it treats for the first time a revolutionary topic, in the histories turned The year 1905 and The lieutenant Schmidt, fact that is received by respect but without enthusiasm. Between 1931 and 1933 he publishes the autobiographical story inspired by Proust and Rilke,
The safe-conduct, and Ways in the air. One year earlier it had separated of its first wife, who would marry soon the famous Soviet pianist Heinrich Neuhaus, and of its son.
It goes on journey with Sinaida Neuhaus, its future wife, towards Tiflis, where the Georgian poet Paolo Yaschvili gathers him. In 1934 its finished poetry appears, and the Bujarin admiration arises in the Writers' First Congress, but also a species of semiofficial prohibition to publish, not extensive to its translator activity.
The versions that Pasternak does of Verlaine, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Shelley, Shakespeare, or of Georgian poetry, are works of high literary value. It moves to the writers' Peredelkino colony, along with Moscow, where in 1938 its son Leonid is born. In the Writers' Union the treatment begins, and Pasternak is fled, periodically irresolutely and loved in silence. In 1943, in the Second full World war, he publishes the poetry volume In early trains, and in 1945 Distance terrena.
In the year 1946 Shdanov watched the darkness of the age, and Fadeiev, he was nominated again a Secretary-General of the Writers' Union, the first thing that it did it was to insult its Peredelkino neighbor. The doors were again closed. He continued nevertheless with the Doctor's creation Zhivago, and with the translation of Magnificence. In 1956 the writing of the magazine New World pushed the Doctor's publication Zhivago back, and in 1957 the Italian version of the work was appearing.On October 24, 1958 the Swedish Academy invited Pasternak to receive the Nobel Prize of Literature on December 10 of this year. On October 26 he accepts the grateful, moved, proud award.... This provoked the anger of the Soviet authorities, being chased and isolated. On October 28 it was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers and 29 he was resigning from the Nobel Prize.
Later they wanted to take the citizenship from him and to expel it from the country. For that reason he wrote to Krushchev, and kept on living isolated of its friends, isolated and under the threat of being seen in the street, because its Peredelkino house belonged to the Union of Writers Soviéticos. In a time it was forced to leave it,
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